Kukundikana kukuru kwekuchengetedzeka kwenyika yekare: zvidzidzo zvekuchengetedza kubva kuMupata weMadzimambo

Kutenda kune zororo refu regore reMastercard (tine 25 mazuva!) Ndakatora rwendo rwemavhiki maviri kuenda kuEgypt kutanga kwemwedzi uno kunoshanyira nzvimbo yandagara ndichida kuona: makuva ekuvigwa emafarao ekare mumupata weMadzimambo. Semuinjiniya wekuchengetedza, Handina kukwanisa kubatsira kutarisa makuva aya sechirongwa chekare chekuchengetedza uye sechidzidzo chenyaya yekuti kuzvidzivirira kunogona kukundikana sei nekufamba kwenguva.

Ijipiti yekare yakasiya zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kupfuura dzimwe tsika dzekare. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti vaIjipita, kunyanya madzimambo avo, vainyanya kutarisana nerufu uye mushure mekufa nemiviri yavo yenyama. They believed the body must be preserved (mummified) saka mambo aigona kuenderera mberi nerwendo rwake mushure mekufa uye ave mwari! Nekuti vaIjipita vakaisa mari yakawanda muzvinhu zvemariro uye mummification, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakapona zvirinani kudzamara vapambi vemakuva vawana zvimwe zvacho.

Kutarisa muchidimbu paguva raTutankhamun (KV62) iro rakawanikwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, rinoratidza izvo zvingave zvakaiswa mune mamwe makuva ehumambo. Yakanga iri imwe yemakuva mashoma ehumambo asina kupamba zvizere munguva dzekare. Yaive nemazana emakirogiramu egoridhe uye mamwe hupfumi hwakawanda kubva pamusoro 3,300 makore apfuura.

Chigaro chegoridhe chaTutankhamun chakawanikwa mukamuri rake rekuvigwa neanochera matongo Howard Carter mu 1922

Kubva kumapiramidhi ari pachena kusvika kumakuva akavanzika

MuUmambo hwekare nehwepakati, Madzimambo akavaka mapiramidhi senzvimbo dzekuviga. Zvivakwa izvi zvaive nyore kuona, izvo zvakaitawo kuti zvive nyore kutarisa. Even though they used blocking stones and other tricks, many were robbed. Later, in the New Kingdom (about 3,500 makore apfuura) pharaohs moved to a new model: security by obscurity. They saw what happened to the pyramids of their predecessors, so they chose a remote valley on the west bank of the Nile, near today’s Luxor, and dug hidden tombs into the rock. They built and isolated a workmen’s village, Deir el‑Medina, to keep the location and details secret. For about 500 years, this village produced the tombs of new pharaohs.

The Pyramid of Djoser is considered the first pyramid ever built approximately 4,700 makore apfuura.

These tombs were essential. The dead needed their mummified body, objects, offerings, and guides like the Book of the Dead to reach Osiris and live in the afterlife. If a tomb was robbed, zvaive zvisiri kurasikirwa nezvinhu chete asi yaive kutadza kwepamweya.

Zvandakaona parwendo rwangu

Ndakashanyira pedyo nemakuva ese akavhurika veruzhinji mumudunhu wevaMambo, duramambokadzi, uye deir-el Madinah. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza ndechekuti unogona kuona sarudzo dzakasiyana dzenjodzi nemadzimambo akasiyana. Vamwe vakaisa makuva avo panzvimbo dziri nyore kusvika nadzo, vachivimba nekuoma kwemukati uye kushongedzwa. Vamwewo, senge Thutmose III, vakangosarudza nzvimbo dzakaoma, dzakavanzika zvakanyanya. Asi pakupedzisira, anenge ese aya makuva akawanikwa uye akaba panguva dzezvimwe zviitiko zvisina kugadzikana nevanoita mhosva vakashinga. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe madzimambo akangwara uye asiri kuda njodzi vakatadza mukugadzira kuchengeteka kwavo. Heano pfungwa dzangu pamusoro pekuti sei dziviriro dzakatadza uye kuti inogona kunge iri nani sei.

Kamuri yekumavigwa yaRamses wechitatu kumashure kwangu.

Sei dziviriro dzakakundikana

• Kuchengetedzwa zvakavanzika ndiko kwakanga kuri kudzora kukuru. Kupinda kwakavanzwa, masuo akavigwa, uye mupata uri kure kwakabatsira, asi zvaive zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira kwakanga kuchida kuramba kwemazana emakore.
• Nguva yakashandira vaenzi (Ndinogara ndichitaura izvi kune vatengi vangu!). Kwemazana emakore, kuvanzika kunobuda pachena. Matombo anotamisika. Nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinouya nekupfuura. Kufarira kunoramba kuchikwira kana mupiro uri mubato.
• Dziviriro shoma mukudzika. Matombo anovhara pamwe nehall zaunyengeri akamhanya vaenzi asi hazvina kumisa migwagwa kana nzira dzakavanzwa nevabati vemukati. Dziviriro huru yaive kuchengetedzwa zvakavanzika uye hapana dzimwe nzira dzekudzora.
• Ngozi yemukati, kushomeka kweNew Kingdom kunononoka, kukwira kwemutengo, uye kunonoka kwekugoverwa kwezvikafu (kurwisa paDeir el‑Medina) kuwedzera kuba uye kubhadharwa. Zvinyorwa zvekutongwa zvinotaura nezvevavaki vematombo, vapfuri, mapurisa eNecropolis, uye vapristi vepasi vanobatanidzwa mukubira.
• Single mapoinzi ekukundikana nenharaunda yakavimbika. Ruzivo rwakawandisa uye kuwana kwakagara neimwe diki, nharaunda yakavimba. Kamwe kuvanzika kwakakundikana ipapo, hurongwa hwese hwakakundikana.
• Hapana kuenderera mberi kwekuongororwa kana mhinduro yechiitiko yaive munzvimbo (yakaoma kwazvo kuiisa munzvimbo kwezviuru zvemakore uye kupfuura!). Painted snakes and divine guardians were symbolic, not real controls. (They had many of them on the walls and around coffins!) There were seals, but there was no sustained monitoring, patrols, or effective response over the long term.

Common security mistakes by the Pharaohs

• Controls did not match asset value. If you bury hundreds of kilograms of gold with the king, Unokoka kunyanyisa, kurwisa kunoramba kuchienderera mberi. The defense did not match that high value.
• Over reliance on secrecy. Obscurity helped at first, but there were few layered controls after secrecy was gone.
• No least privilege! Many workers in Deir el‑Medina had broad knowledge of plans, maps, and layouts. This enabled later robberies.
  Weak access governance. Privileged access management did not exist in a modern sense. The same teams that built the tombs knew how to breach them.

How they could have improved

• Reduce attacker motivation (MOM framework: Success = motive + method + opportunity): They should not bury large amounts of gold with the body. Keep the body for the afterlife, but remove the main motive.
• If treasure must be buried, separate it from the mummy in independent, randomized chambers, far from the main burial, with anti‑tunneling features (rubble trenches, hard bedrock layers, matavi ekunyepedzera).
• Wedzera dziviriro zvakadzama: Makamuri akawanda akavharwa aine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvhara uye zvipingaidzo zvematombo zvakasununguka.
• Matanho epanyama ekudzivirira kubirirwa anoita kuti kuvhura migero kunzwike, kunyanyisa njodzi, kudzima zvishoma nezvishoma.
• Simbisa kodzero shoma dzekuziva: Patsanura zvakadzama zvekugadzira kuti hapana chikwata chimwe chinenge chichiziva zvose. Chinja mapoka evashandi, Patsanura mabasa, uye shandisa pfungwa yekuti unofanirwa kuziva nzvimbo dzemakamuri ekupedzisira ekugadzira.
• Chengetedza basa remukamuri wekupedzisira kune chikwata chidiki, chakavimbika zvikuru, wobva wabvisa kana kuchinja nzvimbo dzavo.
• Kunyengera: Makamuri akawanda ekunyepedzera ane zvinhu zvinotenderedza pfungwa zvekuti ndi zvechokwadi, akaiswa pakutanga kwekuvaka kuti vashandi vafunge kuti homwe yechokwadi iripo. Zviitiko zvekufudza zvekunyepedzera kugadzira nhoroondo yemuromo isiri yechokwadi.